As a child’s brain develops, their sleep patterns also undergo significant changes. Sleep is regulated by the circadian rhythm, which controls cycles of sleep and wakefulness. Both the architecture of sleep and the amount of sleep needed vary throughout development. Infants typically need 14-17 hours, school-aged children need 9-12 hours, and teenagers need 8-10 hours […]

Seasonal Affective Disorder, also known as Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern, is a form of depression that consistently occurs during certain months of the year. It can present during either winter or summer, but it more commonly occurs in the colder months when there are fewer daylight hours. While distance from the equator is […]

Adolescent substance use is a multifaceted public health issue that poses significant opportunities for intervention to clinicians, including physicians and counselors. The complexity of this issue is heightened by the developmental stage of adolescence, a period characterized by experimentation, identity formation, and at times, risk-taking behaviors. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM), also known as the Stages […]

Adolescent substance use is a pervasive issue, with significant implications for public health. Adolescence, a critical period of development, is marked by experimentation and risk-taking, often manifesting in the initiation of substance use. The importance of early intervention in this population cannot be overstated, given the potential for substance use disorders (SUDs) to disrupt healthy […]

Families often present to their primary care providers when their children are refusing to go to school. School refusal can happen for a variety of reasons. The phenomenon has increased significantly since the pandemic. Many children who are refusing to go to school have an underlying mental health concern. The most common mental health concerns […]

For many children, the anxiety of a new school year is not just one of nervous excitement about a new year beginning. For many it may be a youth’s severe concern of about the risk of victimization as a result of peer bullying.  Awareness of the potential that a youth may be experiencing bullying should be part […]

The relationship between traumatic experiences and the development of substance use disorders (SUDs) has been a subject of extensive research in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, and public health. Traumatic experiences, defined as events that involve actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, significantly impact mental health. Other traumatic experiences, such as adverse […]